Continuing our journey through the various areas of Tok, we looked at the aspects of ToK in the natural sciences on the 05/01/2026. The investigation of the natural sciences was structured using the same framework as other areas of knowledge. 

Regarding the scope, we defined the natural sciences as the study of the physical properties of the universe and subdivided the field into different areas of study. We saw that these subcategories can become very specific, some scientists focusing on the specific study of one organism, for example Melittology, the study of bees.

We continued with the perspectives in the natural sciences and concluded that even in a heavily evidence based and careful field, opinions can vary strongly on very fundamental concepts such as the Big Bang Theory due to different interpretations of the data. These opinions may also drastically shift over time when new evidence arises that challenges the existing model. This is called a paradigm shift. Concepts that are widely agreed on within scientific communities can face strong controversy from some groups of people.

In order to get familiar with the methods and tools of science we took a hands-on approach by conducting our own black box experiment. Small groups were given a black box containing a variety of objects that we had to identify and describe without ever seeing the contents of the box or being able to directly touch the objects inside. This made us aware of our sensory limitations and the need for scientists to gather data without being able to use some of their senses. After observations through moving the box and listening to the sounds that came form the objects, we used specific technology, such as magnets and a stethoscope to enhance our senses. We tried to support our model of our box with mini experiments, such as using the magnets to isolate certain objects and facilitate counting them. With this data we were able to reach certain conclusions. We had to present these conclusions to the other groups, and their rigorous interrogation of our methods challenged our perception. Our conclusions were greatly humbled when the boxes were opened, reflecting the difficulty we had when reaching any sort of conclusion. This exercise therefore gave us great insight into the scientific method.

We ended our morning with a brief introduction into the ethics of science. All of the collected data must be incorporated into a scientific theory and other possible explanations for the observations need to be taken into consideration. Science can also be used to justify unethical practices.

After lunch, we conducted and took part in a series of experiments to analyse our sensory perception. We learned that our senses are limited and subject to bias. Technology is therefore a good way of enhancing and objectifying our sensory perception.

Overall, this ToK day was an educational and enriching introduction into the ToK of the natural sciences.

Justin Davies & Matteo Scagnetti, 5i